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lundi 10 avril 2017

On this day: April 10

April 10: Fast of the Firstborn begins at dawn and Passover begins at sunset (Judaism, 2017)

F. Scott Fitzgerald

1809 – Napoleonic Wars: The War of the Fifth Coalition began when Austria invaded Bavaria.
1858 – Big Ben, the bell in the Palace of Westminster's clock tower in London, was cast after the original bell had cracked during testing.
1925 – The novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald (pictured) was first published.
1944 – The Holocaust: Rudolf Vrba and Alfréd Wetzler escaped from Auschwitz; their report was one of the earliest and most detailed descriptions of the mass killings in the camp.
1992 – Nagorno-Karabakh War: At least 40 Armenian civilians were massacred in Maraga, Azerbaijan.

Gabrielle d'Estrées (d. 1589) · Frances Perkins (b. 1880) · Hayley Westenra (b. 1987)

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Noel Park in north London is a planned community designed by Rowland Plumbe in the late 19th century, consisting of 2,200 model dwellings. It was developed in open countryside to the north of London between the historic villages of Highgate and Tottenham by the Artizans, Labourers & General Dwellings Company. One of the earliest garden suburbs in the world, it provided affordable housing for working-class families wishing to leave the inner city. Every property had a front and rear garden, and it was close enough to the rail network to allow its residents to commute to work. In line with the principles of the company's founder, William Austin, it had no pubs, and there are still none today. As a result of London's rapid expansion during the early 20th century, and particularly after the London Underground was extended to the area in 1932, Noel Park was surrounded by later developments. In 1965, it was incorporated into the newly created London Borough of Haringey. Despite damage during World War II and demolition work during the construction of Wood Green Shopping City in the 1970s, it remains largely architecturally intact. (Full article...)

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On this day: April 9

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The Canadian National Vimy Memorial in France is dedicated to the memory of Canadian Expeditionary Force members and other Canadians killed during the First World War. Designed by Walter Seymour Allward, the monument is the centrepiece of a 100-hectare (250-acre) battlefield park, overlapping the site of the Battle of Vimy Ridge offensive (9 April 1917) that began the Battle of Arras. In that offensive, all four divisions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force participated as a cohesive battle formation for the first time, and it became a Canadian national symbol of achievement and sacrifice. France ceded the land to Canada for its memorial. Wartime tunnels, trenches, craters, and unexploded munitions still honeycomb the grounds, which are largely closed off for public safety. Preserved trench lines and several other memorials and cemeteries are contained within the park. King Edward VIII unveiled it in July 1936, and Queen Elizabeth II re-dedicated the restored monument on the 90th anniversary of the offensive. The site, one of only two National Historic Sites of Canada outside the country, is maintained by Veterans Affairs Canada. (Full article...)

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On this day: April 8

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April 8

Times Square

217 – Roman emperor Caracalla was assassinated at a roadside near Harran and succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect Macrinus.
876 – Forces of the Abbasid Caliphate defeated the army of the Saffarid amir Ya'qub ibn Laith, forcing Ya'qub to halt his advance into what is now Iraq.
1904 – Longacre Square in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, was renamed Times Square (pictured) after The New York Times building.
1961 – A large explosion on board the MV Dara in the Persian Gulf killed 238 people on board.
2013 – Two Sunni Muslim Islamic extremist groups, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Al-Nusra Front, merged to become the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, also known as ISIS.

John II Komnenos (d. 1143) · Philip IV of Spain (b. 1605) · Sara Northrup Hollister (b. 1924)

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Denise Crosby

"Yesterday's Enterprise" is the 63rd episode of the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation. It was the 15th episode of the third season, first airing in syndication the week of February 19, 1990. In the story, the crew of the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D) must decide whether to send the time-traveling Enterprise-C back through a temporal rift to its certain destruction, to prevent damaging changes to their own timeline. The plot merged two story ideas, one featuring the crew of the time-traveling ship and the other the return of Denise Crosby (pictured), whose character had been killed in the show's first season. Trent Christopher Ganino and Eric A. Stillwell rewrote the merged story to focus on Whoopi Goldberg's character, Guinan. Filming lasted a week. In syndication, "Yesterday's Enterprise" outperformed most of the third season's episodes with a 13.1 Nielsen rating, the third-highest for the series at the time. The episode is cited as a favorite by reviewers, and is widely regarded as one of the best episodes of the series. (Full article...)

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Coat of arms of
the Pleydell family

Gabriel Pleydell was an English landowner and politician. Born before 1519 into a large, affluent family, he became a Member of Parliament for Wootton Bassett in 1553, close to his family estate at Midgehall in Wiltshire. His election to the Marlborough constituency two years later may have been made possible by his father's influential connections. He returned to the Wootton Bassett seat in 1563 at the request of Sir John Thynne, whom he had supported in a dispute over the Knighthood of the Shire in 1559. He was alleged to be one of the ringleaders of a plot to exile Queen Mary I of England, and made a contentious claim of parliamentary privilege after he was found guilty of this offence in 1555, an action which caused serious disagreement between the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Legal accusations for most of his political career and imprisonment in Fleet Prison and the Tower of London helped "confirm for Gabriel Pleydell a niche in parliamentary history", according to a modern historian. He died in 1590 or 1591. (Full article...)

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On this day: April 7

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April 7: World Health Day; National Beer Day in the United States

Demonstrators in Chișinău, Moldova

1348 – Charles, King of Bohemia, issued a Golden Bull to establish Charles University in Prague, the first university in Central Europe.
1862 – American Civil War: Union forces defeated Confederates at the Battle of Shiloh, the bloodiest battle in U.S. history at the time, in Hardin County, Tennessee.
1947 – The Arab Ba'ath Party was founded in Damascus, Syria.
1969 – The Internet was symbolically born with publication of RFC 1.
2009 – Mass protests (pictured) began across Moldova under the belief that results from the parliamentary election were fraudulent.

Berengar I of Italy (d. 924) · El Greco (d. 1614) · Billie Holiday (b. 1915)

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April 6 Wikipedia featured article

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Surrendered Yugoslav troops handing in their weapons

The 7th Army was a Royal Yugoslav Army formation, raised three days before the German-led invasion of Yugoslavia of 6 April 1941, during World War II. On the first day of the invasion, the army's commander Dušan Trifunović was alarmed when the 4th Army, on the right flank of the 7th, was undercut by fifth column activities by Croats within its major units and higher headquarters. The Germans captured Maribor two days later and expanded their bridgeheads, supported by the Luftwaffe. On 10 April, the German 14th Panzer Division captured Zagreb. Italian offensive operations began the following day, with thrusts towards Ljubljana and down the Adriatic coast, capturing more than 30,000 Yugoslav troops near Delnice. When fifth column supporters of the Croatian nationalist Ustaše movement arrested the headquarters staff of the 7th Army later that day, the formation effectively ceased to exist. On 12 April, the Germans linked up with the Italians near the Adriatic coast, encircling the remnants of the 7th Army, which offered no further resistance. Ceasefires were implemented on 15 April, and the Yugoslav Supreme Command surrendered unconditionally. (Full article...)

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On this day: April 6

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April 6

Robert Peary

1250 – Seventh Crusade: Egyptian Ayyubids annihilated the crusader army and captured King Louis IX of France as a hostage.
1886 – Vancouver, one of British Columbia's youngest cities, was incorporated.
1909 – American explorer Robert Peary (pictured) allegedly became the first person to reach the North Pole; his claim was accepted for many years, although modern research has determined that he most likely did not.
1947 – The first Tony Awards, recognizing achievement in American theatre, were handed out at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City.
2012 – The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad unilaterally declared the region of Azawad independent from Mali.

Richard I of England (d. 1199) · Raphael (d. 1520) · Rose O'Neill (d. 1944)

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Ernest Shackleton

The Shackleton–Rowett Expedition (1921–22) was Sir Ernest Shackleton's last Antarctic project, and the final episode in the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. The venture, with vaguely defined geographic and scientific objectives, was financed by John Quiller Rowett, and is otherwise known as the Quest Expedition after its ship Quest, a converted Norwegian sealer. Shackleton had originally intended to go to the Arctic and explore the Beaufort Sea, but abandoned this plan when the Canadian government withheld financial support. Shortly after Quest's arrival at South Georgia, Shackleton died of a heart attack, aged 47. The expedition continued under the leadership of Frank Wild, with a three-month cruise to the eastern Antarctic, but the shortcomings of Quest as a polar vessel kept it from proceeding further than longitude 20°E, or from penetrating southward through the pack ice. After returning to South Georgia, Wild hoped for a second, more productive season in the ice, and took the ship to Cape Town for a refit, where he found a message from Rowett ordering them home. The expedition ended quietly, with limited achievements. (Full article...)

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On this day: April 5

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April 5: Rama Navami (Hinduism, 2017); Feast Day of Vincent Ferrer

Akashi Kaikyō Bridge

1081 – The Komnenian dynasty came to full power when Alexios I Komnenos was crowned Byzantine Emperor.
1614 – Native American Pocahontas married English colonist John Rolfe in Virginia, and was christened Lady Rebecca.
1936 – Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak: An F5 tornado hit Tupelo, Mississippi, killing at least 216 people.
1998 – Japan's Akashi Kaikyō Bridge (pictured), linking Awaji Island and Kobe, opened to traffic, becoming the longest suspension bridge in the world to date with a main span length of 1,991 metres (6,532 ft).
2009 – The North Korean satellite Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 was launched from the Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground and passed over Japan, sparking concerns by other nations that it may have been a trial run of technology that could be used to launch intercontinental ballistic missiles.

Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet (b. 1769) · Marie-Rosalie Cadron-Jetté (d. 1864) · Stella Creasy (b. 1977)

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On this day: April 4

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April 4: Independence Day in Senegal (1960)

World Trade Center

1949 – Twelve nations signed the North Atlantic Treaty, creating NATO, an organization that constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.
1968 – American civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.
1973 – The World Trade Center (pictured) in New York City was officially dedicated, about a year after the second of the building complex's twin towers was completed.
1976 – Norodom Sihanouk abdicated from the role of leader of Cambodia and was arrested by the Khmer Rouge.
2002 – The Angolan government and UNITA rebels signed a peace treaty, agreeing to follow the 1994 Lusaka Protocol and ending the decades-long Angolan Civil War.

Liu Yin (d. 911) · Robert III of Scotland (d. 1406) · Jonathan Agnew (b. 1960)

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Maya Angelou

The Heart of a Woman (1981) is the fourth of seven autobiographies by American writer Maya Angelou (pictured). She recounts events in her life between 1957 and 1962, as she travels to California, New York, Cairo and Ghana, and raises her teenage son. She becomes a published author active in the US civil rights movement, and is romantically involved with a South African freedom fighter. The book explores Angelou's theme of motherhood, and ends as she looks forward to newfound independence and freedom when her son leaves for college. Although most critics consider Angelou's first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings more favorably, The Heart of a Woman has received positive reviews and was chosen as an Oprah's Book Club selection in 1997. The title is taken from a poem by Harlem Renaissance poet Georgia Douglas Johnson. "Faithful to the ongoing themes of survival, sense of self, and continuing education," according to critic Lyman B. Hagen, "The Heart of a Woman moves its central figures to a point of full personhood". (Full article...)

Part of the Maya Angelou autobiographies series, one of Wikipedia's featured topics.

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April 3 Wikipedia featured article

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The camas pocket gopher (Thomomys bulbivorus) is a rodent native to the Willamette Valley of northwestern Oregon in the United States. The herbivorous mammal collects its food in large, fur-lined, external cheek pouches, then hoards any surplus in underground tunnels. The coat, dull brown to lead gray, changes color and texture over the year. The gophers' large, protuberant incisors are well adapted for use in tunnel construction, particularly in the hard clay soils of the Willamette Valley. They make chattering sounds with their teeth; males and females make purring (or crooning) sounds when they are together, and the young make twittering sounds. Born toothless, blind and hairless, the young grow rapidly before being weaned at about six weeks of age. The species is prey for raptors and carnivorous mammals, and host to several parasitic arthropods and worms. While population trends are generally stable, threats to the species' survival include urbanization, habitat conversion for agricultural use and active attempts at eradication with trapping and poisons. Fiercely defensive when cornered, the gopher may become tame in captivity. (Full article...)

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On this day: April 3

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April 3

Osborne 1 portable computer

1860 – The Pony Express, a mail service that became the most direct means of long distance communication to the American West, began operation.
1888 – The first of eleven unsolved brutal murders of women committed in or near the impoverished Whitechapel district in the East End of London, occurred.
1948 – An uprising began on Jeju Island, eventually leading to the deaths of between 14,000 and 30,000 individuals due to fighting between its various factions, and the violent suppression of the rebellion by the South Korean army.
1961 – An individual Leadbeater's possum, thought to have been extinct for over 50 years, was discovered in New South Wales, Australia.
1981 – The Osborne 1 (pictured), the first successful portable computer, was unveiled at the West Coast Computer Faire in San Francisco.

Anne Lister (b. 1791) · Juliusz Słowacki (d. 1849) · Tony Benn (b. 1925)

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Courtney Love (born 1964) is an American singer and actress. Combining uninhibited live performances with confrontational lyrics, she was prolific in the punk and grunge scenes of the 1990s as the frontwoman of the alternative rock band Hole, which she formed in 1989. She was married to Kurt Cobain, frontman for Nirvana, until his suicide in 1994. Hole's second release, Live Through This (1994), achieved critical accolades and multi-platinum sales. In 1995, Love returned to acting, earning a Golden Globe Award nomination for her performance in The People vs. Larry Flynt (1996). Hole's third album, Celebrity Skin (1998), was nominated for multiple Grammy Awards. After roles in the big-budget pictures Man on the Moon (1999) and Trapped (2002), she released her first solo album, America's Sweetheart (2004). She was sentenced to a rehabilitation facility in 2005 on drug charges. She returned to the music industry with Nobody's Daughter (2010), a Hole album, but without any members of the original lineup. In 2014 and 2015, she released two solo singles and returned to acting in the network series Empire and Sons of Anarchy. (Full article...)

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On this day: April 2

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April 2: World Autism Awareness Day; Passion Sunday (Anglicanism, 2017); Onbashira begins in Nagano, Japan

William James' ships capture Suvarnadurg

1755 – A naval fleet (pictured) led by Commodore William James of the East India Company captured the fortress Suvarnadurg from the Marathas.
1885 – North-West Rebellion: Led by Wandering Spirit, young Cree warriors attacked the village of Frog Lake, North-West Territories (now in Alberta), where they killed nine settlers.
1911 – The Australian Bureau of Statistics conducted the country's first national census.
1992 – Bosnian War (Yugoslav Wars): At least 42 civilians were killed in the town of Bijeljina.
2015 – Gunmen attacked Garissa University College in Kenya, killing at least 148 people and wounding 79 others.

Prince George of Denmark (b. 1653) · Hans Christian Andersen (b. 1805) · Elizabeth Catlett (d. 2012)

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Igor Judge, a former judge

Nominative determinism is the hypothesis that people are drawn to professions that fit their name. The term was first used in the magazine New Scientist in 1994, after its humorous Feedback column mentioned a book on polar explorations by Daniel Snowman and an article on urology by researchers named Splatt and Weedon. The hypothesis had been suggested by psychologist Carl Jung, citing as an example Sigmund Freud (German for "joy"), who studied pleasure. A few recent empirical studies have indicated that certain professions are disproportionately represented by people with appropriate surnames, though the methods of these studies have been challenged. One explanation for nominative determinism is the theory of implicit egotism, which states that humans have an unconscious preference for things they associate with themselves. An alternative explanation is genetic: an ancestor might have been named Smith or Taylor according to their occupation, and the genes they passed down might correlate to aptitudes for those professions. (Full article...)

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On this day: April 1

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April 1: Assyrian New Year; National Day in Iran (1979); Edible Book Day

3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos

1293 – Robert Winchelsey left England for Rome to be consecrated by the Pope, only to find that there wasn't one.
1871 – The 3rd Duke of Buckingham (pictured) opened a new train line but used horses instead.
1924 – Wrigley Jr. opened a company, packaging chewing gum with each can of baking powder.
1947 – Over 20% of the Royal New Zealand Navy took the day off.
1997 – Marriage in the Netherlands became more samey.

William Harvey (b. 1578) · Sophie Germain (b. 1776) · Scott Joplin (d. 1917)

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lundi 10 avril 2017

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