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dimanche 12 mars 2017

On this day: March 12

March 12: Shushan Purim begins at sunset in Jerusalem and Susa (Judaism, 2017)

Harry S. Truman

538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths, ended his siege of Rome, leaving the city in the hands of the victorious Roman general, Belisarius.
1881 – Andrew Watson made his debut with the Scotland national football team and became the world's first black international footballer.
1913 – The future capital of Australia was officially named Canberra during a ceremony officiated by Gertrude, Lady Denman, the wife of Governor-General Lord Denman.
1947 – Cold War: U.S. President Harry S. Truman (pictured) proclaimed the Truman Doctrine to help stem the spread of Communism.
1952 – British diplomat Hastings Ismay was appointed as the first Secretary General of NATO.

Charles Boycott (b. 1832) · Jessica Hardy (b. 1987) · Lazare Ponticelli (d. 2008)

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Eta Carinae is a stellar system of at least two stars with a combined luminosity over five million times that of the Sun, around 7500 light-years distant in the constellation Carina. First recorded as a 4th-magnitude star, it brightened considerably beginning in 1837 in an event known as the Great Eruption, becoming the second-brightest star in the sky between 11 and 14 March 1843 before fading well below naked eye visibility. It has been getting brighter again since about 1940, peaking above magnitude 4.5 in 2014. Eta Carinae is always above the horizon south of latitude 30°S, and never visible north of about latitude 30°N. The two main stars of the system orbit each other with a period of 5.54 years. The primary is a peculiar star similar to a luminous blue variable, initially 150–250 times as massive as the Sun but now at least 30 solar masses lighter, and is expected to eventually explode as a supernova. The secondary star is hot and also highly luminous, around 30–80 times as massive as the Sun. The system is heavily obscured by the Homunculus Nebula, material ejected from the primary during the Great Eruption. (Full article...)

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On this day: March 11

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March 11: Purim begins at sunset (Judaism, 2017); Independence Day in Lithuania (1990)

Shō Tai

1707 – Queen Anne withheld royal assent from the Scottish Militia Bill, the last time a British monarch vetoed legislation.
1818 – Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, a novel by Mary Shelley, was first published in London.
1879 – Shō Tai (pictured), the last king of the Ryūkyū Kingdom, abdicated when the kingdom was annexed by Japan and became Okinawa Prefecture.
1993 – Janet Reno was confirmed by the Senate as the first female United States Attorney General.
2007 – Georgian authorities accused Russia of orchestrating a helicopter attack in the Kodori Valley of the breakaway territory of Abkhazia.

Margaret Oakley Dayhoff (b. 1925) · Helen Rollason (b. 1956)

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Milovan Đilas

Negotiations between German commanders and the Yugoslav Partisans commenced on 11 March 1943 during an Axis offensive in World War II. Focused on obtaining a ceasefire and establishing a prisoner exchange, the talks were also used to delay the Axis forces while the Partisans crossed the Neretva river and began attacking their Chetnik rivals, led by Draža Mihailović. The talks were accompanied by an informal ceasefire that lasted about six weeks before being called off by Adolf Hitler. The advantage gained by the Partisans was lost when another Axis offensive was launched in mid-May 1943. Some parts of the negotiations were published from 1949 onwards, but many details were little known by historians until the 1970s, including the identity of the chief Partisan negotiator, Milovan Đilas (pictured). The US diplomat Walter Roberts published a description of the talks in 1973 in a well-received book that was protested by the Yugoslav government of Josip Broz Tito for its depiction of the Partisans. Beginning in the 1980s, accounts of the negotiations were published by Yugoslav historians and the main Yugoslav protagonists. (Full article...)

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On this day: March 10

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March 10

Uranus and some of its moons

1876 – Alexander Graham Bell made his first successful bi-directional telephone call, saying, "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you."
1915 – First World War: The Battle of Neuve Chapelle opened, the first deliberately planned British offensive of the war.
1952 – Facing likely electoral defeat, former Cuban President Fulgencio Batista staged a coup d'état to resume control.
1977 – Astronomers using NASA's Kuiper Airborne Observatory discovered a faint planetary ring system (pictured) around Uranus.
2005 – Tung Chee-hwa, the first Chief Executive of Hong Kong, announced his resignation following widespread dissatisfaction with his leadership.

Agnes Blannbekin (d. 1315) · Lillian Wald (b. 1867)

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The mangrove swallow (Tachycineta albilinea) is a bird in the swallow family that breeds in coastal regions of Mexico and Central America. It is a seasonal breeder and is territorial when breeding, much like the related tree swallow. Its nests are frequently found near water, no more than 2 metres (7 ft) above the ground. It usually forages close to the nest when feeding its chicks, but will go much further when foraging for itself. In between foraging attempts, it perches near water. It subsists primarily on a diet of flying insects, including dragonflies and bees, unusually large prey for a bird of its size. It has blue-green upperparts, white underparts, a white streak above the eye, and blackish flight and tail feathers. This swallow's song is a soft trilling, with a rolled jeerrt call, and a sharp alarm note. With a slowly decreasing population of at least 500,000 individuals, the mangrove swallow is classified as a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. (Full article...)

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On this day: March 9

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March 9

Battle of Hampton Roads

1009 – The first known record of the name of Lithuania appeared in an entry in the annals of the Quedlinburg Abbey in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
1862 – American Civil War: In the world's first major battle between two powered ironclad warships (painting pictured), the USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia, fought to a draw near the mouth of Hampton Roads in Virginia.
1915 – The Panama–California Exposition opened in San Diego's Balboa Park, celebrating the opening of the Panama Canal.
1945 – World War II: Imperial Japanese Army officers ousted the government of French Indochina.
2010 – The first legal U.S. same-sex marriages south of the Mason–Dixon line took place in Washington, D.C.

Mary Anning (d. 1847) · Vyacheslav Molotov (b. 1890)

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March 9 Wikipedia featured article

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Relatives of missing detainees join U2 onstage

"Mothers of the Disappeared" is a song by the rock band U2, the closing track on their album The Joshua Tree, released on 9 March 1987. The song was inspired by lead singer Bono's experiences in Nicaragua and El Salvador in July 1986, following U2's involvement on Amnesty International's A Conspiracy of Hope tour. He learned of the Madres de Plaza de Mayo, a group of women whose children had been abducted with the consent of Argentine and Chilean dictatorships. Thematically the song has been interpreted as an examination of failures and contradictions in US foreign policy and as a criticism of the Reagan Administration, which backed two South American regimes that seized power during coups and which provided financial support for the military regime in El Salvador. The song was favourably received by critics, and has been performed live on several tours, starting with the 1987 Joshua Tree Tour. It was played at four concerts on the 1998 PopMart Tour in South America; during two of these, the Madres joined the band onstage (pictured). (Full article...)

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Bessie Braddock (1899–1970) was a British Labour Party politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for the Liverpool Exchange division from 1945 to 1970. She was a member of Liverpool County Borough Council from 1930 to 1961. Although she never held office in government, she won a national reputation for her campaigns in connection with housing, public health and other social issues. Braddock supported the 1945–51 Attlee ministry's reform agenda, particularly the establishment of the National Health Service in 1948. She served on Labour's National Executive Committee between 1947 and 1969. For most of her parliamentary career she was a member of Liverpool's council, and was a central figure in a controversy in the 1950s over the city's flooding of the Tryweryn Valley to construct a reservoir. When Labour won the 1964 general election she refused office on the grounds of age and health; thereafter her parliamentary contributions dwindled as her health worsened. Towards the end of her life she became Liverpool's first woman freeman. Her Guardian obituarist hailed her as "one of the most distinctive political personalities of the century". (Full article...)

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On this day: March 8

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March 8: International Women's Day

Nelson's Pillar before it was destroyed

1576 – A letter to King Philip II of Spain contained the first European mention of the Mayan ruins of Copán in modern Honduras.
1702 – Princess Anne of Denmark and Norway became the Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland, succeeding William III.
1919 – During the Egyptian revolution of 1919, British authorities arrested Saad Zaghloul and two others, exiling them to Malta.
1966 – Nelson's Pillar (pictured), a large granite pillar with a statue of Lord Nelson on top in Dublin, Ireland, was destroyed by a bomb.
1978 – BBC Radio 4 began transmitting Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, a science fiction radio series that was later adapted into novels, a television series, and other media formats.

Beatrice of Castile (b. 1293) · Haseeb Ahsan (d. 2013)

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SMS Nassau was the first dreadnought battleship built for the Imperial German Navy, in response to the launching of the British battleship HMS Dreadnought. Nassau was laid down in 1907 at the Imperial Shipyard in Wilhelmshaven and launched on 7 March 1908. Three more battleships followed in the same class: Posen, Rheinland, and Westfalen. Assigned to the First Battle Squadron of the German High Seas Fleet, Nassau saw service in the North Sea in the beginning of World War I. In August 1915 the ship engaged the Russian battleship Slava in the Battle of the Gulf of Riga in the eastern Baltic Sea. Nassau took part in the Battle of Jutland on 31 May and 1 June 1916, suffering a total of 11 killed and 16 injured. After World War I, the bulk of the High Seas Fleet was interned in Scapa Flow, but the Nassau-class ships, the oldest German dreadnoughts, were initially permitted to remain in German ports. After the German fleet was scuttled, Nassau and her sister ships were surrendered to the victorious powers as replacements for the sunken ships. Nassau was ceded to Japan, then sold to a British wrecking firm for scrapping. (Full article...)

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On this day: March 7

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March 7

José Paranhos

1573 – A peace treaty brought the Ottoman–Venetian War to an end, transferring Cyprus from Venetian hands to Ottoman control.
1862 – American Civil War: Union forces engaged Confederate troops in Pea Ridge, Arkansas, fighting to a victory one day later that essentially cemented their control in Missouri.
1871 – José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco (pictured), became Prime Minister of the Empire of Brazil, starting a four-year rule, the longest in the state's history.
1945 – World War II: At the beginning of the Battle of Remagen, Allied forces unexpectedly seized the Ludendorff Bridge, possibly hastening the war's conclusion.
1985 – The charity single "We Are the World" by the supergroup USA for Africa was released, and would go on to sell more than 20 million copies.

Reinhard Heydrich (b. 1904) · Divine (d. 1988) · Cool Papa Bell (d. 1991)

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"Death on the Rock" was a 1988 British television documentary produced by Thames Television as part of the current affairs series This Week on ITV. It examined the shooting deaths of three Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) members by the British Special Air Service in Gibraltar on 6 March 1988. The series' editor, Roger Bolton, had dispatched journalists to Gibraltar and Spain to interview witnesses to the shootings and Spanish police officers who had surveilled the IRA team. The documentary presented evidence that the team were unarmed, and shot without warning or while attempting to surrender. The British government denounced the programme, and Geoffrey Howe, the foreign secretary, attemped to get the broadcast postponed by the Independent Broadcasting Authority. An independent inquiry, the Windlesham–Rampton report, found that the documentary was made in "good faith and without ulterior motives". It was praised within the television industry and won that year's BAFTA Award for Best Documentary. (Full article...)

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On this day: March 6

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March 6: National Heroes and Benefactors Day in Belize (2017); Independence Day in Ghana (1957)

Dmitri Mendeleev

1665 – The first joint Secretary of the Royal Society, Henry Oldenburg, published the first issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, the world's longest-running scientific journal.
1836 – Texas Revolution: Mexican forces captured the Alamo in San Antonio from the Texans after a 13-day siege.
1869 – Dmitri Mendeleev (pictured) presented the first periodic table of elements to the Russian Chemical Society.
1902 – Real Madrid, one of the world's richest football clubs, was founded as Madrid Football Club.
1967 – Joseph Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva defected to the United States.

Princess Clémentine of Orléans (b. 1817) · Ayn Rand (d. 1982)

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Myotis alcathoe, the Alcathoe bat, is a small European bat. First described in 2001 from specimens taken from Greece and Hungary, its known distribution has expanded to include parts of Western and Central Europe, Spain, Italy, the Balkans, Sweden, and Azerbaijan. It is similar to the whiskered bat (M. mystacinus), but its brown fur is distinctive, and DNA sequencing has shown it to be a separate species. M. alcathoe has a forearm length of 30.8 to 34.6 mm (1.21 to 1.36 in) and a body mass of 3.5 to 5.5 g (0.12 to 0.19 oz). The fur is brown on the wings, usually reddish-brown on the upperparts, and brown below, but more grayish in juveniles. It has a very high-pitched echolocation call, with a frequency that falls from 120 kHz to about 43 kHz at the end of the call. Usually found in old-growth deciduous forest near water, it forages high in the canopy and above water, mostly for flies. It roosts in cavities high in trees. The species is considered at risk in Catalonia, Germany and parts of Switzerland due to its rarity and vulnerability to habitat loss. (Full article...)

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On this day: March 5

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March 5: Learn From Lei Feng Day in China; St Piran's Day in Cornwall, United Kingdom

Boston Massacre engraving by Paul Revere

1496 – King Henry VII of England issued letters patent to John Cabot and his sons, authorising them to explore unknown lands.
1770 – British soldiers fired into a crowd in Boston, Massachusetts, killing five civilians (engraving pictured).
1943 – The Gloster Meteor, the first operational jet fighter for the Allied Powers, made its maiden flight.
1960 – Cuban photographer Alberto Korda took his iconic photograph of Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara.
1999 – Paul Okalik was elected as the first premier of the Canadian territory of Nunavut.

Elaine Paige (b. 1948) • Anna Akhmatova (d. 1966)

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On this day: March 4

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March 4: Saint Casimir's Day

Forth Bridge, Scotland

1386 – Grand Duke of Lithuania Jogaila was crowned Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland, beginning the Jagiellonian dynasty.
1890 – The Forth Bridge (pictured), a railway bridge connecting Edinburgh to Fife over the Firth of Forth, opened, becoming an internationally recognised Scottish landmark.
1918 – The first known case of the so-called Spanish flu was first observed at Fort Riley, Kansas.
1987 – US President Ronald Reagan made a nationally televised address in which he accepted full responsibility for illegal actions in the Iran–Contra affair.
2007 – Fourteen-year-old English schoolgirl Charlotte Shaw drowned on Dartmoor, becoming the first person to die in connection with the annual Ten Tors challenge.

Miriam Makeba (b. 1932) · Bobbi Kristina Brown (b. 1993) · Saladin (d. 1193)

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Sabrina Sidney (1757–1843) was a British foundling girl taken in when she was 12 by the author Thomas Day, who wanted to mould her into his perfect wife. As an adult she worked with the schoolmaster Charles Burney, managing his schools. In 1769 Day took Sabrina to France to begin methods of education inspired by Rousseau's Emile, or On Education. When she reached her teenage years, Day's friend Richard Lovell Edgeworth persuaded him that his ideal-wife experiment had failed. In 1783 Sabrina was told the truth about Day's experiment and confronted him in a series of letters. In 1804, Anna Seward published a book about Sabrina's upbringing. In his 1820 memoirs, Edgeworth said that Sabrina and Day made a good match and that she loved him. Sabrina countered that Day had made her miserable, and that she had effectively been a slave. The story of Sabrina's life has been told in Wendy Moore's 2013 book How to Create the Perfect Wife and dramatised in the 2015 BBC Radio 4 play The Imperfect Education of Sabrina Sidney. (Full article...)

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Ian O'Brien (born 3 March 1947) is an Australian breaststroke swimmer who won the 200 metre breaststroke at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo in world record time. In 1962 at the age of 15 he competed in his first national championships, winning the 220 yard breaststroke. At the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth, Western Australia, he won both the 110 and 220 yd breaststroke and the 4 × 110 yd medley relay. He won both breaststroke events at the 1963 Australian Championships, repeating the feat for the next three years. After winning his gold medal at the Tokyo Olympics, he added a bronze in the medley relay. O'Brien successfully defended both his breaststroke titles at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Kingston, Jamaica. He won five Commonwealth Games gold medals and claimed a total of nine individual and six relay titles at the Australian Championships. He retired from the sport at the age of 21, worked for 10 years as a television stagehand, and later launched a company that produced television documentaries. In 1986 he was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame. (Full article...)

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On this day: March 3

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March 3: Liberation Day in Bulgaria (1878)

Program for the woman suffrage parade

1861 – The Emancipation Manifesto of Tsar Alexander II was proclaimed, abolishing serfdom in Imperial Russia.
1875 – The first indoor game of ice hockey was played at the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal by James Creighton and McGill University students.
1913 – Thousands of women marched in Washington, D.C. (program pictured) "in a spirit of protest" against the exclusion of women from American society.
1943 – Second World War: During a German aerial attack on London, 173 people were killed in a stampede while trying to enter Bethnal Green tube station, which was being used as an air-raid shelter.
1972 – Jethro Tull released Thick as a Brick, a concept album supposedly written by an 8-year-old boy, Gerald Bostock.

Robert Hooke (d. 1703) · Hergé (d. 1983)

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dimanche 12 mars 2017

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vendredi 10 mars 2017

jeudi 9 mars 2017

mercredi 8 mars 2017

mardi 7 mars 2017

lundi 6 mars 2017

dimanche 5 mars 2017

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vendredi 3 mars 2017

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