June 30 Wikipedia featured article

Fantastic Novels was an American science fiction and fantasy pulp magazine published by the Munsey Company of New York from 1940 to 1941, and by Popular Publications from 1948 to 1951. It was launched as a bimonthly companion magazine to Famous Fantastic Mysteries in response to heavy demand for book-length reprints of stories from pulp magazines such as Amazing Stories and Argosy. It ran science fiction and fantasy classics from earlier decades, including novels by A. Merritt, George Allan England, Victor Rousseau and others, and occasionally published reprints of more recent work, such as Earth's Last Citadel by Henry Kuttner and C. L. Moore. There were five issues in the magazine's first incarnation and another twenty in the revived version from Popular Publications, along with seventeen Canadian and two British reprints. Mary Gnaedinger edited both series; her interest in reprinting Merritt's work helped make him one of the better-known fantasy writers of the era. (Full article...)

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On this day: June 30

June 30: Independence Day in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1960)

• 1559 – During a jousting match, Gabriel Montgomery of the Garde Écossaise mortally wounded King Henry II of France (pictured), piercing him in the eye with his lance.
• 1859 – French acrobat Charles Blondin crossed Niagara Gorge on a tightrope, turning him into one of the world's most famous tightrope walkers.
• 1894 – London's Tower Bridge, a combined bascule and suspension bridge over the River Thames, opened.
• 1960 - The Belgian Congo received its independence from colonial rule, beginning a period of instability that ended with the installation of a dictatorship under Joseph-Désiré Mobutu in 1965.
• 1987 – The Royal Canadian Mint introduced the Canadian one-dollar coin, commonly known as the Loonie.

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On this day: June 29

June 29: Feast of Saints Peter and Paul (Christianity, Gregorian calendar); Independence Day in Seychelles (1976)

• 1149 – Second Crusade: An army led by Nur ad-Din Zangi destroyed the forces of Antioch led by Prince Raymond.
• 1444 – Albanians led by Skanderbeg scored a resounding victory in their rebellion against the Ottoman Empire.
• 1776 – Lieutenant José Joaquin Moraga and Father Francisco Palóu founded Mission San Francisco de Asís (pictured), the oldest surviving building in San Francisco.
• 1985 – The European Economic Community adopted the Flag of Europe, a flag previously adopted by the Council of Europe in 1955.
• 1995 – The Shuttle–Mir Program began when Space Shuttle Atlantis became the first space shuttle to dock with the Russian space station Mir.

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June 29 Wikipedia featured article

Robin Friday (1952–1990) was an English football forward who played for Reading and Cardiff City during the mid-1970s. Born and raised in Acton in west London, Friday joined Reading in 1974, quickly becoming a key player and helping Reading win promotion to the Third Division during the 1975–76 season. Friday won Reading's player of the year award in both of his full seasons there as their leading goal scorer. Many contemporaries would later assert that he was good enough to play for England, but his habit of unsettling opponents through physical intimidation contributed to a heavily tarnished disciplinary record, and his personal life was one of heavy smoking, drinking, womanising and drug abuse. His intensifying drug habit led Reading to sell him to Cardiff in 1976. Following incidents on and off the field—including kicking Mark Lawrenson in the face mid-game—Friday retired from football in 1977. He died in Acton in 1990, aged 38, after suffering a heart attack. Despite his short career, Friday remains prominent in the memory of Reading and Cardiff supporters, as a player and a personality. He has been voted Reading's best ever player three times. (Full article...)

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On this day: June 28

June 28

• 1841 – Giselle, a ballet by French composer Adolphe Adam, was first performed at the Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique in Paris.
• 1880 – Police captured Australian bank robber and cultural icon Ned Kelly after a gun battle in Glenrowan, Victoria.
• 1922 – The Irish Civil War began with an assault by the Irish Free State's National Army on the Four Courts building, which had been occupied by the Anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army.
• 1989 – President of Serbia Slobodan Milošević gave a speech in which he described the possibility of "armed battles" in the future of Serbia's national development.
• 2005 – War in Afghanistan: Three U.S. Navy SEALs and 16 American Special Operations Forces soldiers were killed during a failed counter-insurgent mission in Kunar Province, Afghanistan.

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June 28 Wikipedia featured article

Edmontosaurus, a genus with the species E. regalis and E. annectens, was one of the largest duck-billed dinosaurs, up to 12 metres (39 ft) long and weighing around 4.0 metric tons (4.4 short tons). Widely distributed across western North America, especially in the coasts and coastal plains, it was a herbivore with small solid or fleshy crests that could move on two legs or four, and is thought to have lived in groups. It was named after Edmonton, Alberta; the first fossils were discovered in Alberta's Horseshoe Canyon Formation. Abundant fossils have allowed researchers to study its brain, feeding habits, pathologies, and even injuries, including in one case from a tyrannosaur attack. Fossils of E. regalis have been found in rocks that date from 73 million years ago, while those of E. annectens (reconstruction pictured) are around 66 million years old, both in the Cretaceous Period. Edmontosaurus was one of the last non-avian dinosaurs, living alongside Triceratops and Tyrannosaurus shortly before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction. (Full article...)

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On this day: June 27

June 27: Mixed Race Day in Brazil; Independence Day in Djibouti (1977); Armed Forces Day in the United Kingdom (2015)

• 678 – Pope Agatho, later venerated as a saint in both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, began his reign as Pope.
• 1743 – War of the Austrian Succession: In the last time that a British monarch personally led his troops into battle, George II and his forces defeated the French in Dettingen, Bavaria.
• 1899 – A. E. J. Collins scored 628 runs not out, the highest-ever recorded score in cricket.
• 1905 – The crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin (pictured) began a mutiny against their oppressive officers.
• 1952 – The Congress of Guatemala passed Decree 900, redistributing unused lands of sizes greater than 224 acres (0.9 km²) to local peasants and having a major effect on the nation's land reform movement.

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June 27 Wikipedia featured article

Hurricane Georges hit Louisiana in 1998, doing $30.1 million in damage and causing three deaths. Attaining a peak intensity of 155 mph (250 km/h) on September 20, the storm tracked through the Greater Antilles and later entered the Gulf of Mexico. Half a million residents in Louisiana evacuated from low-lying areas before the Category 2 storm made landfall on the 28th in Mississippi. Many homes outside the levee system were flooded by the storm surge, and 85 fishing camps on the banks of Lake Pontchartrain were destroyed. An estimated 160,000 residences were left without power; beaches were severely eroded by the slow-moving storm. Precipitation in Louisiana peaked at 2.98 inches (75.69 mm) in Bogalusa, and wind gusts reached 82 mph (132 km/h). In the wake of the hurricane, the Federal Emergency Management Agency opened 67 shelters across the state, and covered insurance claims totalling $14,150,532, including from Puerto Rico and Mississippi. The Clinton administration appropriated $56 million in disaster relief to regions in Louisiana for recovery from Tropical Storm Frances and Hurricanes Georges. (Full article...)

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On this day: June 26

June 26: International Day in Support of Victims of Torture; Independence Day in Madagascar (1960); Flag Day in Romania

• 1295 – Przemysł II was crowned King of Poland, the first coronation of a Polish ruler in 219 years.
• 1886 – French chemist Henri Moissan reported he was able to successfully isolate elemental fluorine (liquid fluorine pictured), for which he later won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
• 1918 – World War I: The 26-day Battle of Belleau Wood near the Marne River in France ended with American forces finally clearing that forest of German troops.
• 1945 – At a conference in San Francisco, delegates from 50 nations signed a charter establishing the United Nations.
• 1959 – Ingemar Johansson became the only Swedish world champion of heavyweight boxing by defeating American Floyd Patterson at Yankee Stadium.

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June 26 Wikipedia featured article

Sir Stanley Savige (1890–1954) was an Australian Army soldier and officer who served in the First and Second World Wars. He enlisted in the First Australian Imperial Force in March 1915, and served in the ranks during the Gallipoli Campaign, where he received a commission. He earned the Military Cross for bravery in fighting on the Western Front. In 1918 he joined Dunsterforce, and participated in the Caucasus Campaign, during which he was instrumental in protecting thousands of Assyrian refugees. After the war he wrote a book, Stalky's Forlorn Hope, about his wartime experiences, and played a key role in the establishment of Legacy Australia, a war widows and orphans benefit fund. During the Second World War, he commanded the 17th Infantry Brigade in the North African campaign, the Battle of Greece and the Syria–Lebanon campaign. His outspoken criticism of professional soldiers earned him their rancour. He returned to Australia after the Battle of Greece, but later commanded the 3rd Division in New Guinea in the Salamaua–Lae campaign. He rose to the rank of lieutenant general, commanding the II Corps in the Bougainville campaign in the final stages of the war. (Full article...)

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On this day: June 25

June 25: Croatian Statehood Day and Slovenian Statehood Day; Independence Day in Mozambique (1975)

• 1658 – Anglo-Spanish War: English colonial forces repelled a Spanish attack in the largest battle ever fought on Jamaica.
• 1910 – The Firebird, the first major work by Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, made its premiere in Paris.
• 1950 – The Korean War began with North Korean forces launching a pre-dawn raid over the 38th parallel into South Korea.
• 1975 – Citing threats to national security, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi (pictured) unilaterally had a state of emergency declared across the nation that lasted nearly two years.
• 2013 – Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani became the eighth Emir of Qatar, currently the world's youngest reigning monarch.

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June 25 Wikipedia featured article

Astatine is a very rare radioactive chemical element with the chemical symbol At and atomic number 85. It occurs on Earth as the decay product of various heavier elements. All its isotopes are short-lived, with half-lives of 8.1 hours or less. Elemental astatine has never been viewed because a mass large enough to be seen by the naked eye would be immediately vaporized by its radioactive heating. The bulk properties of astatine are not known with any certainty, but they have been predicted based on its similarity to the other halogens, the lighter elements directly above it in the periodic table: fluorine, chlorine, bromine and especially iodine. It is likely to have a dark or lustrous appearance and may be a semiconductor or possibly a metal; it will probably have a higher melting point than iodine. Chemically, several anionic species of astatine are known and most of its compounds resemble those of iodine. It also shows some metallic behavior, including the ability to form a stable monatomic cation in aqueous solution (unlike the lighter halogens). (Full article...)

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On this day: June 24

June 24: Nativity of St. John the Baptist (Christianity); National Holiday/Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day in Quebec, Canada

• 1340 – Hundred Years' War: The English fleet commanded by Edward III almost totally destroyed the French fleet at the Battle of Sluys.
• 1622 – Dutch–Portuguese War: An outnumbered Portuguese force repelled a Dutch attack in the Battle of Macau, the only major military engagement that was fought between two European powers on the Chinese mainland.
• 1812 – Napoleonic Wars: The French Grande Armée under Napoleon crossed the Neman River, marking the start of their invasion of Russia.
• 1981 – The Humber Bridge opened, connecting the East Riding of Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire in England, at the time the longest single-span suspension bridge.
• 2010 – Julia Gillard (pictured) assumed office as the first female Prime Minister of Australia.

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June 24 Wikipedia featured article

L'Arianna (Ariadne) was the second opera by Claudio Monteverdi, composed in 1607–08; all the music is lost apart from the extended recitative known as "Lamento d'Arianna", or "Ariadne's Lament" (pictured). One of the earliest operas, it was first performed on 28 May 1608, as part of the musical festivities for a royal wedding at the court of Duke Vincenzo Gonzaga in Mantua. The libretto was written in eight scenes by Ottavio Rinuccini, who used Ovid's Heroides and other classical sources to relate the story of Ariadne's abandonment by Theseus on the island of Naxos and her subsequent elevation as bride to the god Bacchus.The composer later said that the effort of creating the opera almost killed him. The first performance, produced with lavish and innovative special effects, was highly praised, and the work was equally well received in Venice when it was revived under the composer's direction in 1640 as the inaugural work for the Teatro San Moisè. Expressive laments became an integral feature of Italian opera for much of the 17th century. In recent years the "Lamento" has become popular as a concert and recital piece and has been frequently recorded. (Full article...)

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On this day: June 23

June 23: Victory Day in Estonia; Jāņi in Latvia; Grand Duke's Official Birthday in Luxembourg

• 1280 – Reconquista: Troops of the Emirate of Granada defeated those of the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of León in the Battle of Moclín.
• 1858 – Edgardo Mortara, a six-year-old Jewish boy, was seized by papal authorities and taken to be raised as a Roman Catholic, sparking an international controversy.
• 1894 – Led by French historian Pierre de Coubertin (pictured), an international congress at the Sorbonne in Paris founded the International Olympic Committee to reinstate the ancient Olympic Games.
• 1972 – Title IX of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 was amended to prohibit gender discrimination in any educational program receiving federal funds, which allowed for huge growth in women's sports for student athletes.
• 1985 – A bomb attributed to the Sikh separatist group Babbar Khalsa destroyed Air India Flight 182 above the Atlantic Ocean, killing all 329 on board.

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June 23 Wikipedia featured article

In London's Great Stink of 1858, the smell from untreated human waste and industrial effluent being pumped onto the banks of the River Thames was exacerbated by the low levels of the river in the hot summer weather. The cause was the inadequate and archaic sewerage system, which poured waste into the river. Victorian doctors still believed in the miasma theory, that smell transmitted contagious diseases, rather than microorganisms; three outbreaks of cholera prior to the Great Stink were blamed on the ongoing problems with the river. Local and national administrators who had been looking at possible solutions accepted a proposal from the civil engineer Joseph Bazalgette (pictured) to move the effluent eastwards along a series of interconnecting sewers that sloped towards outfalls beyond the metropolitan area. Pumping stations were built to lift the sewage from lower levels into higher pipes, and two of the more ornate buildings, Abbey Mills in Stratford and Crossness on the Erith Marshes, are listed for protection by English Heritage. Bazalgette's plan introduced three embankments to London in which the sewers ran—the Victoria, Chelsea and Albert Embankments. The work ensured that sewage was no longer dumped onto the shores of the Thames and brought an end to the cholera outbreaks. Although Bazalgette planned for the sewers to support a city of 4.5 million, the system still operates into the 21st century, servicing a city that has grown to over 8 million. (Full article...)

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On this day: June 22

June 22

• 1633 – Galileo Galilei was forced to recant his heliocentric view of the Solar System by the Roman Inquisition, after which, as legend has it, he muttered under his breath, "And yet it moves".
• 1813 – War of 1812: After learning of American plans for a forthcoming surprise attack, Laura Secord (pictured) set out on a 30 km (19 mi) journey from Queenston, Ontario, Upper Canada, on foot to warn Lieutenant James FitzGibbon.
• 1911 – George V and Mary of Teck were crowned King and Queen of the United Kingdom at Westminster Abbey in London.
• 1969 – The surface of the Cuyahoga River in Ohio, US, caught on fire, helping to spur the environmental movement.
• 2002 – An earthquake measuring 6.5 M_w struck a region of northwestern Iran, killing at least 261 people and injuring 1,300 others, and eventually causing widespread public anger due to the slow official response.

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June 22 Wikipedia featured article

In physics, M-theory is a unification of what were originally thought to be five distinct versions of superstring theory. The possibility of such a theory was first conjectured by Edward Witten (pictured) at a string theory conference at the University of Southern California in 1995, initiating a flurry of research activity known as the second superstring revolution. Work by several physicists showed that the original five theories could be related by transformations called S-duality and T-duality. Witten's conjecture drew on these dualities and on a field theory called eleven-dimensional supergravity. Some physicists believe that a complete formulation of M-theory could provide a framework for developing a unified theory of all the fundamental forces of nature. Current directions of research in the theory include matrix theory and gauge/gravity duality. According to Witten, the M in M-theory can stand for "magic", "mystery", or "membrane" according to taste, and the true meaning of the title should be decided when a more fundamental formulation of the theory is known. (Full article...)

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On this day: June 21

June 21: June solstice (16:58 UTC, 2015); Midsummer festivities (Northern Hemisphere); Winter solstice festivals (Southern Hemisphere);World Music Day; Father's Day in various countries (2015); National Aboriginal Day in Canada

• 217 BC – Second Punic War: The Carthaginians under Hannibal executed one of the largest military ambushes in history when they overwhelmingly defeated the Romans.
• 1826 – Greek War of Independence: A combined Egyptian and Ottoman army began their invasion of the Mani Peninsula, but they were initially held off by the Maniots at the fortifications of Vergas.
• 1898 – In a bloodless event during the Spanish–American War, the United States captured Guam from Spain.
• 1919 – Admiral Ludwig von Reuter scuttled the German High Seas Fleet in Scapa Flow to prevent the ships from being seized and divided amongst the Allied Powers.
• 1948 – The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine (pictured), the world's first stored-program computer, ran its first computer program.

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June 21 Wikipedia featured article

HMS Nairana was a passenger ferry that was requisitioned by the Royal Navy as a seaplane carrier in 1917. She was laid down in 1914 as TSS Nairana for the Australian shipping line Huddart Parker, but construction was temporarily suspended after the outbreak of the First World War. The ship was converted to operate wheeled aircraft from her forward flying-off deck as well as floatplanes that were lowered into the water. She saw service during the war with the Grand Fleet, and in 1918–19 supported the British intervention in the Russian Civil War. Nairana was returned to her former owners in 1921 and refitted in her original planned configuration, then spent the next several decades ferrying passengers and cargo across Bass Strait between Tasmania and Melbourne, where she was nearly capsized twice by rogue waves. Nairana was the only Bass Strait ferry not requisitioned for military service in the Second World War, and so became the sole passenger ship with service to Tasmania during the conflict. She was laid up in 1948, wrecked in a storm three years later, and scrapped onsite in 1953–54. (Full article...)

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June 20 Wikipedia featured article

God of War: Betrayal is a two-dimensional side-scrolling action-adventure mobile game released for the Java Platform, Micro Edition in 2007. Loosely based on Greek mythology, it is the third installment in the God of War series, and the fifth chronologically. The player controls Kratos, who became the new God of War after killing the former, Ares. Kratos is framed for the murder of Argos and pursues the true assassin across Greece, resulting in a confrontation with Olympian messenger Ceryx. The gameplay relies on simplified combo-based combat and features quick time events, puzzles and platforming elements. Developed by Javaground and Sony Online Entertainment's Los Angeles division and published by Sony Pictures Digital, it was praised for maintaining the high standards of the series in its gameplay, art style, and graphics, and received awards for "Wireless Game of the Month" (June 2007) and "Best Platform Game" (wireless) of 2007 from IGN. (Full article...)

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On this day: June 20

June 20: World Refugee Day; Duanwu/Dragon Boat Festival (Chinese calendar, 2015); Flag Day in Argentina; National Famine Commemoration Day in Ireland (2015)

• 451 – Flavius Aetius, with the help of Roman foederati, defeated Attila in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, and halted the invasion of Gaul by the Huns and their allies.
• 1789 – French Revolution: Meeting in a tennis court near the Palace of Versailles, members of France's Third Estate took the Tennis Court Oath, pledging not to separate until a new constitution was established.
• 1819 – Arriving in Liverpool, the SS Savannah (pictured) became the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean.
• 1943 – Rioting between blacks and whites began on Belle Isle, Detroit, Michigan, and continued for three days.
• 1960 – The Mali Federation gained independence from France, but lasted only two months before dividing into Senegal and Mali.

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On this day: June 19

June 19: Day of the Independent Hungary; Juneteenth in some parts of the United States

• 1269 – Louis IX of France imposed a fine of ten livres of silver on Jews found in public without a yellow badge.
• 1816 – The Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company, rival fur-trading companies, engaged in a violent confrontation in present-day Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
• 1944 – World War II: The navies of the United States and Imperial Japan engaged each other off the Mariana Islands in the Philippine Sea.
• 1987 – Basque separatist group ETA detonated a car bomb at the Hipercor shopping centre in Barcelona, killing 21 people and injuring 45 others.
• 2005 – Only six race cars competed in the United States Grand Prix (winner Michael Schumacher pictured) at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Indianapolis, Indiana, after all the Michelin-shod entrants were withdrawn due to safety concerns.

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June 19 Wikipedia featured article

The 2005 United States Grand Prix was the ninth race and only American race of the 2005 Formula One season. Held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, it was won by Ferrari's Michael Schumacher (pictured). In the days before the race, several Michelin tyres suffered failures on the speedway's resurfaced track, a problem they had not had in previous races. Michelin advised its seven customer teams (representing 14 cars in the race) that without a reduction in speed in the last turn of the speedway, the tyres provided for the race would only be safe for 10 laps—but Formula One rules in 2005 prohibited tyre changes during the race. Unable to come to a compromise with the sport's governing body, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile, the Michelin teams decided not to participate. They completed the parade lap to avoid sanctions, but retired to the pits before the race started; only the six cars from teams using Bridgestone tyres (Ferrari, Jordan and Minardi) competed. The race generated negative publicity for the sport, especially in the US, a market in which Formula One had struggled to establish itself over the preceding 20 years. (Full article...)

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