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lundi 10 octobre 2016

On this day: October 10

October 10: Thanksgiving in Canada (2016); National Day in Fiji (1970) and Taiwan (1911); Health and Sports Day in Japan (2016); Columbus Day and Indigenous People's Day in the United States (2016)

Triton, moon of Neptune

680 – Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of Muhammad, was killed in the Battle of Karbala by the forces of Yazid I, whom Husayn had refused to recognise as caliph.
1780 – One of the deadliest Atlantic hurricanes on record struck the Caribbean Sea, killing at least 22,000 people over the next several days.
1846 – English astronomer William Lassell discovered Triton (pictured), the largest moon of the planet Neptune.
1943 – World War II: The Kempeitai, the military police arm of the Imperial Japanese Army, arrested and tortured over 50 civilians and civilian internees on suspicion of their involvement in a raid on Singapore Harbour during Operation Jaywick.
1998 – General Augusto Pinochet was indicted for human rights violations committed in his native Chile and arrested in London six days later.

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October 10 Wikipedia featured article

Wendell Willkie (1892–1944) was an American corporate executive and the 1940 Republican candidate for president. In 1933 he became president of Commonwealth & Southern Corporation (C&S), a utility holding company. He fought against President Franklin Roosevelt's Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), a publicly owned competitor of C&S; though unsuccessful, he sold C&S's property to the TVA for a good price, and gained public esteem. A longtime Democratic activist, Willkie changed his party registration to Republican in late 1939. He did not run in the 1940 presidential primaries, but positioned himself as an acceptable choice for a deadlocked convention. As Hitler rampaged through Western Europe in the spring of 1940, many Republicans did not wish to nominate an isolationist like Thomas E. Dewey, and turned to Willkie, who was nominated on the sixth ballot. His support for aid to Britain paralleled Roosevelt's, defying Republican opposition. Roosevelt won a third term, taking 38 of the 48 states and 55 percent of the vote. Willkie made two wartime foreign trips as Roosevelt's informal envoy. (Full article...)

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On this day: October 9

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October 9: Hangul Day in South Korea (1446); Leif Erikson Day in the United States

The words Chosŏn'gŭl and Hangul written in Hangul

1446 – Scholars in the court of Sejong the Great promulgated the new Korean alphabet, now known as Hangul (sample pictured).
1831 – Ioannis Kapodistrias, the Greek head of state and the founder of Greek independence, was assassinated in Nafplion.
1913 – The ocean liner SS Volturno caught fire in the middle of a gale in the North Atlantic, burned, and sank, resulting in about 130 deaths.
1986 – The Phantom of the Opera, a musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber currently the longest-running Broadway show in history, opened in London's West End.
2006 – North Korea conducted a nuclear test, reportedly near Kilchu, with an explosive force of less than one kiloton, that was condemned and denounced by many countries and the United Nations Security Council.

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October 9 Wikipedia featured article

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The Russian battleship Potemkin was a pre-dreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Russian Navy's Black Sea Fleet and launched 9 October 1900. The crew's rebellion against the officers in June 1905 (during that year's revolution) is now viewed as a first step towards the Russian Revolution of 1917. After the mutineers sought asylum in Constanța, Romania, and the Russians recovered the ship, her name was changed to Panteleimon. She accidentally sank a Russian submarine in 1909 and was badly damaged when she ran aground in 1911. During World War I, Panteleimon participated in the Battle of Cape Sarych in late 1914 and covered several bombardments of the Ottoman Bosphorus fortifications in early 1915. The ship was relegated to secondary roles after the first dreadnought battleship entered service in late 1915. Panteleimon was captured when the Germans took Sevastopol in May 1918 and was handed over to the Allies after the Armistice in November 1918. She was abandoned when the White Russians evacuated the Crimea in 1920 and was finally scrapped by the Soviets in 1923. The 1905 mutiny inspired Sergei Eisenstein's 1925 silent propaganda film The Battleship Potemkin. (Full article...)

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October 8 Wikipedia featured article

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Brian Vickers

The 2006 UAW-Ford 500 was an American stock car racing competition. Held on October 8 at Talladega Superspeedway, the 188-lap race was the 30th in the 2006 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series and the fourth in the ten-race, season-ending Chase for the Nextel Cup. Brian Vickers (pictured) of Hendrick Motorsports won the first race of his career; Kasey Kahne finished second, and Kurt Busch came in third. David Gilliland, who had the pole position, was passed immediately by teammate Dale Jarrett. The race lead changed 63 times, with Dale Earnhardt Jr. leading for the most laps (37). On the final lap, Jimmie Johnson and Vickers made a move to pass Earnhardt, but Vickers clipped Johnson. Then Johnson clipped Earnhardt, and both were knocked into the infield. The race was halted, giving Vickers the win, although the crowd booed, and he was later criticized for hurting his teammate Johnson in the points standings. After the race Jeff Burton maintained his Drivers' Championship points lead, while Chevrolet maintained its lead in the Manufacturers' Championship, 51 points ahead of Dodge and 52 ahead of Ford with six races remaining in the season. (Full article...)

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On this day: October 8

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October 8: Independence Day in Croatia (1991)

Wreckage from the Harrow and Wealdstone train crash

451 – The Council of Chalcedon, a Christian ecumenical council, opened, and went on to repudiate the Eutychian doctrine of monophysitism and set forth the Chalcedonian Creed.
1076 – Demetrius Zvonimir, the last native king who exerted any real power over the entire Croatian state, was crowned.
1897 – Composer Gustav Mahler was appointed the director of the Vienna Court Opera.
1952 – Three trains collided (wreckage pictured) at Harrow & Wealdstone station in London killing 112 people and injuring 340.
2001 – In response to the September 11 attacks, U.S. President George W. Bush announced the creation of the Office of Homeland Security, with former Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge as its director.

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October 7 Wikipedia featured article

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Jeff Hanneman

"Angel of Death" is the opening track on thrash metal band Slayer's album Reign in Blood, released on October 7, 1986. Written by guitarist Jeff Hanneman (pictured) and produced by Rick Rubin, it is by far the longest track on the album at 4 minutes and 51 seconds, and features prominent verses and choruses, unlike the other tracks. The lyrics invent a sadistic rant by the Nazi physician Josef Mengele, who conducted human experiments at the Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II. Despite accusations that the lyrics reflect Nazi sympathizing and racism, which the band vigorously denied, the song has been highly influential in the development of both thrash and speed metal. Although it did not chart, it has been praised by critics, and appears on all of Slayer's live albums. AllMusic's Steve Huey described it as a classic and the album as "the pinnacle of speed metal". One of its riffs was sampled by Public Enemy in their 1988 song "She Watch Channel Zero?!" (Full article...)

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On this day: October 7

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October 7: Feast day of St. Osyth

Anna Politkovskaya

1800 – The French privateer Robert Surcouf led a 150-man crew to capture the 40-gun, 437-man East Indiaman Kent.
1916 – Georgia Tech defeated Cumberland University 222–0 in the most lopsided college football game in American history.
1976 – Hua Guofeng succeeded Mao Zedong as Chairman of the Communist Party of China.
1991 – Croatian War of Independence: The Yugoslav People's Army conducted an air strike on Banski dvori, the official residence of the Government of Croatia in Zagreb.
2006 – Russian journalist and human rights activist Anna Politkovskaya (pictured) was assassinated in the elevator of her apartment block in central Moscow.

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October 6 Wikipedia featured article

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Æthelwulf was King of Wessex from 839 to 858. He was defeated in 843 in battle against the Vikings at Carhampton in Somerset, but achieved a major victory at the Battle of Aclea in 851. He went on pilgrimage to Rome in 855, leaving his eldest surviving son Æthelbald to act as King of Wessex in his absence. Æthelwulf stayed a year in Rome; on his way back he married Judith, the daughter of the West Frankish King Charles the Bald. When Æthelwulf returned to England, Æthelbald refused to surrender the throne, and Æthelwulf agreed to divide the kingdom, taking the east and leaving the west in Æthelbald's hands. Before the twenty-first century Æthelwulf's reputation among historians was poor: he was seen as excessively pious and impractical, and his pilgrimage was viewed as a desertion of his duties. Now historians see him as a king who consolidated and extended the power of his dynasty, and dealt more effectively than most of his contemporaries with Viking attacks. He is regarded as one of the most successful West Saxon kings, who laid the foundations for the success of his son, Alfred the Great. (Full article...)

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On this day: October 6

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October 6

Eleftherios Venizelos

618 – Wang Shichong's army defeated that of Li Mi, allowing Wang to consolidate his power and soon depose China's Sui dynasty.
1762 – Seven Years' War: The Battle of Manila concluded with a British victory over Spain, leading to a short British occupation of Manila.
1910 – Eleftherios Venizelos (pictured) was elected Prime Minister of Greece for the first of his seven non-consecutive terms.
1976 – Two bombs placed by CIA-linked anti-Castro Cuban exiles exploded aboard Cubana Flight 455, killing all 78 aboard.
2002 – Al Qaeda bombed the oil tanker Limburg, causing 90,000 barrels (14,000 m³) of oil to leak into the Gulf of Aden.

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October 5 Wikipedia featured article

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Statue commemorating the march

The Jarrow March (5–31 October 1936) was a protest against the unemployment and poverty suffered in the Tyneside town of Jarrow, England, during the 1930s. Around 200 men marched from Jarrow to London to petition the British government, requesting the re-establishment of industry in the town following the closure in 1934 of Palmer's shipyard. Palmer's had seen the launching of more than 1,000 ships since 1852. In the 1920s, a combination of mismanagement and changed world trade conditions brought a decline which led to the yard's closure. When plans for its replacement by a modern steelworks plant were thwarted, the lack of any prospect of large-scale employment in the town led the borough council to organise the march on London to present their case to the government. The petition was received by the House of Commons but not debated, and the march produced few immediate results. The Jarrovians went home believing that they had failed. Nevertheless, in subsequent years the Jarrow March became recognised by historians as a defining event of the 1930s and helped to prepare the way for widespread social reform after the Second World War. (Full article...)

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On this day: October 5

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October 5: Fast of Gedalia (Judaism, 2016); Republic Day in Portugal (1910)

Women's March on Versailles

610 – Heraclius was crowned Byzantine Emperor, having personally beheaded the previous emperor Phocas.
1789 – French Revolution: Upset about the high price and scarcity of bread, thousands of Parisian women and their various allies marched (pictured) on the royal palace at Versailles.
1936 – Around 200 men marched from Jarrow to London, carrying a petition to the British government requesting the re-establishment of industry in the town.
1948 – The International Union for Conservation of Nature was founded at a congress sponsored by UNESCO director Julian Huxley in Fontainebleau, France.
1999 – Two trains collided head-on at Ladbroke Grove, London, killing 31 riders and severely damaging public confidence in the management and regulation of safety of Britain's privatised railway system.

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October 4 Wikipedia featured article

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Hurricane Iris of 2001 was the most destructive tropical cyclone in Belize since Hurricane Hattie in 1961. Iris was the second-strongest storm of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season, behind Hurricane Michelle. While passing south of the Dominican Republic, Iris dropped heavy rainfall that caused landslides, killing eight people. Later, the hurricane passed south of Jamaica, where it destroyed two houses. On reaching the western Caribbean Sea, it rapidly intensified to Category 4 on the Saffir–Simpson scale. A small hurricane with an eye of only 7 miles (11 km) in diameter, it reached peak winds of 145 mph (230 km/h) before making landfall in Belize. The storm killed 24 people there, including 20 who died when a scuba diving boat capsized near Big Creek. It also killed eight people and damaged about 2,500 homes in neighboring Guatemala, and later dropped heavy rainfall in southern Mexico, where two people died. Destruction in Belize totaled US$250 million. Because Iris was compact, the damage was confined to 72% of the houses in the Toledo district and 50% of the houses in the Stann Creek district. (Full article...)

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On this day: October 4

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October 4: Feast day of St. Francis of Assisi (Catholicism)

InterCity 125 train

1895 – The first US Open golf tournament was held on a nine-hole course at the Newport Country Club in Newport, Rhode Island.
1917 – First World War: The British devastated the German defence in the Battle of Broodseinde, which prompted a crisis among the German commanders and caused a severe loss of morale in the German Fourth Army.
1941 – Willie Gillis, one of Norman Rockwell's trademark characters, debuted on the cover of the Saturday Evening Post.
1976 – British Rail's InterCity 125 service (pictured), the world's fastest diesel-powered train, began operations on the Western Region.
2003 – A suicide bomber killed 21 people and injured more than 50 others inside the Maxim restaurant in Haifa, Israel.

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October 3 Wikipedia featured article

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Eremoryzomys, also known as the gray rice rat, is a genus of rodent consisting of a single species, E. polius. Discovered in 1912 and first described in 1913 by Wilfred Osgood, it was originally named Oryzomys polius. In 2006, a cladistic analysis found that it was not closely related to Oryzomys or to any other known member of its tribe, Oryzomyini. The Brazilian genus Drymoreomys, named in 2011, is probably its closest relative. Eremoryzomys has a limited distribution in the dry upper valley of the Marañón River in central Peru. A large, long-tailed rice rat, with a head and body length of 138 to 164 mm (5.4 to 6.5 in), it has gray fur, short ears, and well-developed ungual tufts of hair on the hindfeet. Females have eight mammae. The rostrum (front part of the skull) is long and robust and the braincase is rounded. The bony palate is relatively short. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has found insufficient data to assess the conservation status; the species may be threatened by destruction of its habitat for cattle farming. (Full article...)

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On this day: October 3

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October 3: Islamic New Year (2016, 1438 AH); German Unity Day; National Day in Iraq (1932); National Foundation Day in South Korea

Boris III of Bulgaria

2333 BC – According to Korean legend, Dangun, the "grandson of heaven", established Gojoseon, the first Korean kingdom.
1918 – World War I: Following his armed forces' defeat by the Allied Powers, Bulgarian Tsar Ferdinand I abdicated in favor of his son Boris III (pictured).
1951 – In Major League Baseball, the New York Giants' Bobby Thomson hit the "Shot Heard 'Round the World", a game-winning home run in the bottom of the ninth inning to win the National League pennant after being down 14 games.
1986 – After Soviet nuclear submarine K-219 had suffered an explosion and fire, sailor Sergei Preminin manually prevented an impending nuclear meltdown by means of a reactor SCRAM.
2013 – A boat carrying migrants from Libya to Italy sank off the Italian island of Lampedusa, with a second boat sinking eight days later.

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October 2 Wikipedia featured article

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Edmund McMillen

Super Meat Boy is an independent video game designed by Edmund McMillen (pictured) and Tommy Refenes and developed by Team Meat. The successor to the 2008 Flash game Meat Boy, Super Meat Boy was released on the Xbox 360 through Xbox Live Arcade in October 2010 and on Microsoft Windows in November 2010. It was ported to OS X and Linux in 2011, to the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita in 2015, and to the Wii U in 2016. In the game the player controls Meat Boy, a red, cube-shaped character, as he attempts to rescue his girlfriend, Bandage Girl, from the game's antagonist Dr. Fetus. The platform gameplay is characterized by fine control and split-second timing as the player runs and jumps through over 300 hazardous levels while avoiding obstacles. The game sold over 1,000,000 copies by January 2012, and was critically acclaimed. In 2010, it received awards for Most Challenging Game from IGN and for Best Downloadable Game from GameSpot and GameTrailers, as well as a nomination for the Grand Prize at the 2010 Independent Games Festival. Critics lauded the game's difficulty, precise control, retro artwork, and soundtrack. (Full article...)

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On this day: October 2

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October 2: International Day of Non-Violence; Rosh Hashanah (Jewish New Year) begins at sunset (2016, AM 5777); Gandhi Jayanti in India

Jacques Cartier

1263 – Scottish–Norwegian War: The armies of Norway and Scotland fought at the Battle of Largs, an inconclusive engagement near the present-day town of Largs in North Ayrshire.
1535 – French explorer Jacques Cartier (pictured) sailed along the St. Lawrence River and reached the Iroquois fortified village Hochelaga on the island now known as Montreal.
1941 – World War II: Nazi German forces began Operation Typhoon, an all-out offensive to begin the three-month long Battle of Moscow.
1996 – A maintenance worker's failure to remove tape covering the static ports of the aircraft caused Aeroperú Flight 603 to crash into the ocean near Lima, Peru, due to instrument failure.
2006 – A gunman killed five Amish girls before committing suicide in a one-room schoolhouse in Nickel Mines, Pennsylvania, US.

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October 1 Wikipedia featured article

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"A Streetcar Named Marge" is the second episode of The Simpsons' fourth season. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 1, 1992. In the episode, Marge wins the role of Blanche DuBois in a musical version of Tennessee Williams' play A Streetcar Named Desire. Homer offers little support for his wife's acting pursuits, and Marge begins to see parallels between him and Stanley Kowalski, the play's boorish lead male character. The episode contains a subplot in which Maggie attempts to retrieve her pacifier from a strict daycare owner. Jeff Martin wrote the episode, and Rich Moore served as director. Jon Lovitz made his fourth guest appearance on The Simpsons, this time as musical director Llewellyn Sinclair, as well as Llewellyn's sister, who runs the daycare. The episode generated controversy with an unflattering original song about New Orleans; one newspaper published the lyrics before the episode aired, and the president of Fox Broadcasting issued a public apology. The episode was well received by many fans, and show creator Matt Groening has named it one of his favorite episodes. (Full article...)

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On this day: October 1

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October 1: National Day in China (1949); Unification Day in Cameroon (1961); Independence Day in Nigeria (1960), Palau (1994), and Tuvalu (1978); Filipino American History Month begins in the United States

Aerial view of Stanford University

1800 – With the signing of the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso, Spain returned the colonial territory of Louisiana to France in return for the Tuscany area of Italy.
1891 – Stanford University (pictured), founded by railroad magnate and California Governor Leland Stanford and his wife Jane on their former farm lands in Palo Alto, California, officially opened with 559 students and free tuition.
1946 – Mensa, the largest and oldest high-IQ society in the world, was formed in the United Kingdom.
1991 – Croatian War of Independence: Yugoslav National Army forces invaded the area surrounding Dubrovnik, Croatia, beginning a seven-month siege of the city.
2012 – A ferry collision offshore Hong Kong killed 39 people and injured 92 others.

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